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1
Introduction
The issue of informal settlements persists as a
formidable global challenge, as evidenced by the staggering number of urban
inhabitants, exceeding 1 billion individuals, who endure substandard housing
conditions on a global scale (UN-Habitat, 2020). From the favelas of Latin
America to the bustees of South Asia and various other regions, urban areas in
developing nations are encircled by extensive shantytowns and slums. Despite
the affluence observed in regions such as North America and Western Europe, it
is disconcerting to note that the issues of homelessness and substandard
housing continue to prevail on a significant magnitude. The manifestation of
informal urbanisation processes and housing exclusion within each local context
is a result of distinct historical, political, and economic forces that exert
their influence. The pursuit of enhancing living conditions through the
enhancement of settlements and the eventual attainment of formal housing
accessibility is a commonly shared objective among various regions worldwide.
In the context of
China, it is noteworthy to acknowledge that the unprecedented rural-to-urban
migration, which commenced subsequent to the implementation of economic reforms
in 1978, has engendered a substantial proliferation of informal settlements.
This phenomenon, as expounded upon by Chen and Zhang (2019), has assumed
monumental proportions, thereby warranting scholarly attention. Motivated by
the allure of elevated remuneration and expansive prospects, an extensive
multitude of individuals embarked on a migratory journey from rural settlements
to burgeoning coastal metropolises, in response to the rapid industrialization
of the People's Republic of China. By the year 2020, a substantial proportion
of the global populace, exceeding 60%, had undergone the process of
urbanisation. However, it is frequently observed that municipal governments
frequently encountered deficiencies in terms of possessing sufficient
low-income housing, infrastructure, and fundamental services to effectively
accommodate the substantial influx of individuals. In light of the substantial
allocation of resources by the central state towards the procurement of more
than 10 million units of public rental housing, it is disconcerting to observe
that a staggering 100 million rural migrants continue to reside within what are
commonly referred to as 'urban villages', which essentially constitute informal
settlements (Chen & Zhang, 2019). The implementation of robust hukou
household registration policies further serves to fortify their liminal
position within society, thereby imposing limitations on their access to social
welfare benefits and civil liberties. In light of their absence of a local
urban hukou, migrants find themselves unable to avail themselves of customary
housing, healthcare, and educational opportunities. In the context of China's
socioeconomic landscape, it is evident that the process of urbanisation has
played a pivotal role in alleviating rural poverty on a massive scale. However,
it is crucial to acknowledge that this urbanisation phenomenon has also given
rise to a profound and persistent stratification within urban areas. This
stratification is primarily characterised by a distinct division between the
middle-class urban populace and the marginalised informal settlers hailing from
impoverished rural backgrounds.
In the context of the
developing world, it is observed that the rapid growth of urban populations
consistently surpasses the pace of planning and the establishment of formal
housing infrastructure. Consequently, this compels individuals with limited
financial means to reside in informal settlements. In the Nigerian context, it
is noteworthy to highlight that a substantial proportion, specifically over
two-thirds, of urban residents find themselves residing within slum
settlements. This particular demographic segment is confronted with a myriad of
challenges, including but not limited to issues of overcrowding, substandard
sanitation facilities, environmental pollution, and various other hazards
(Afolayan et al., 2019). The unbridled and unconstrained proliferation of
informal expansion is indicative of profound deficiencies in the governance
mechanisms employed to effectively address the challenges posed by the swift
urbanisation and infrastructure demands. The occurrence of violent conflicts
has, regrettably, inflicted significant harm upon formal housing stocks,
resulting in the displacement of residents and subjecting them to precarious
living conditions. In light of the distressing statistic indicating a youth
unemployment rate surpassing 40%, it becomes evident that the accessibility of
formal market housing for the majority of Nigerians is significantly hindered
by the prevailing presence of poverty within the society (Afolayan et al.,
2019). The aforementioned adverse trends exhibit a striking resemblance to
prevailing conditions observed throughout a significant portion of the sub-Saharan
African region, which happens to be the abode of the most extensive slum
populations on a global scale.
In the context of
South Africa, it is evident that the issue of housing access continues to be
profoundly influenced by the enduring ramifications of spatial inequality
stemming from the historical framework of apartheid planning, notwithstanding
notable reform efforts that have been undertaken. During the era of white
minority rule, a significant consequence was the coerced removal of black Africans
from urban regions that were exclusively designated for the white population.
These individuals were subsequently confined to segregated townships, transit
camps, and rural 'homelands' that were characterised by limited infrastructure
(Huchzermeyer, 2006). The phenomenon of social engineering, which was
implemented by means of stringent legislation such as the Group Areas Act,
effectively solidified the systematic deprivation of land and housing
entitlements for individuals belonging to non-white racial groups. Although the
formal cessation of apartheid occurred in 1994, it is imperative to acknowledge
that its spatial and socioeconomic ramifications persistently shape the
existing landscape of inequality in contemporary society. The urban housing crisis
in South Africa is a manifestation of its historical trajectory, wherein a
staggering proportion of the urban populace, amounting to over 25%, resides in
informal settlements characterised by slums and squatter camps (Turok, 2020).
In light of the burgeoning housing demand that outpaces the available supply,
it is evident that the government's objectives pertaining to the provision of
affordable housing continue to elude attainment.
The present
investigation is centred exclusively on the informal settlements situated in
Clayoven, a locale nestled within the northern suburbs of Johannesburg. As the
preeminent economic nucleus of South Africa, Johannesburg exerts a magnetic
pull on a substantial influx of individuals migrating from various regions within
the nation, driven by their pursuit of favourable prospects and prospects for
advancement. Nevertheless, it is imperative to acknowledge that the issue of
housing affordability poses a significant impediment. It is worth noting that a
substantial proportion, specifically over 70%, of households residing in
informal dwellings are constrained by their monthly earnings, which fall below
the threshold of R3500 (HDA, 2018). Given the constraints of limited financial
resources and the advantageous proximity to potential employment opportunities,
a considerable number of individuals find themselves compelled to resort to
informal housing arrangements as a means of accommodation. According to Turok's
(2020) research findings, it has been observed that a substantial proportion,
specifically around 23%, of households residing within the expansive
Johannesburg metropolitan region have come to establish their abodes in
informal settlements. The precariousness of living conditions is a persistent
concern, as it is characterised by a multitude of life-threatening factors such
as overcrowding, inadequate access to clean water and sanitation facilities,
tenure insecurity, and various other associated risks.
Clayoven, as an
exemplification of overarching patterns, epitomises the persistent predicament
of informal settlement expansion in spite of the implementation of
post-apartheid housing initiatives. The present study endeavours to assess the
developmental trajectory of Clayoven, examining both its historical evolution and
its current state, in order to shed light upon the enduring housing challenges
faced by South Africa. Moreover, this research seeks to delve into the lived
experiences of the residents of Clayoven, thereby providing a comprehensive
understanding of the prevailing conditions within this locality. Key questions
include:
·
What are the main drivers of informal settlement
formation and expansion in post-apartheid South Africa?
·
What living conditions and risks do Clayoven
residents routinely face, and what basic needs remain unmet?
·
What structural barriers still constrain access to
formal low-cost housing for settlement dwellers?
·
How can existing policies and programs be adapted
to improve interim conditions and long-term upgrading prospects?
·
What local and international best practices exist
for incremental informal settlement upgrading and eventual formal housing
access?
The present study
employs a mixed methods approach, integrating archival policy analysis,
in-depth interviews with both residents and officials, and environmental
observation as its primary data collection techniques. The findings of this
study will elucidate potential avenues for augmenting South Africa's approach,
taking into consideration the prevailing realities on the ground.
Whilst the primary
emphasis pertains to an urban case study, it is imperative to acknowledge that
the housing crisis transcends geographical boundaries and assumes a
comprehensive national purview. Across the nation, a staggering number of 2.2
million households continue to endure the absence of suitable formal dwellings,
as reported by the Government of South Africa (GoSA, 2020). The enduring
ramifications of apartheid-induced spatial inequality, further exacerbated by
the exacerbation of inequality in the post-1994 era, persistently impede the
provision and accessibility of affordable housing for individuals with limited
financial means. By virtue of bestowing heightened consideration upon localised
circumstances, as exemplified by the case study of Clayoven, it is conceivable
that the implementation of more focused and participatory upgrading endeavours
may yield enhanced outcomes.
1.1 Global Informal Settlement Trends
The prevalence of informal
settlements persists throughout the developing world, accommodating
marginalised populations in densely populated, improvised dwellings that lack
sufficient amenities and infrastructure. In the realm of urbanisation, it is
worth noting that Sub-Saharan Africa stands as the region with the most
substantial informal settlement populations on a global scale. Astonishingly, a
staggering 60% of urban residents in this region find themselves residing in
slums, as reported by the esteemed United Nations Human Settlements Programme
(UN-Habitat) in the year 2020. The confluence of elevated fertility rates and
persistent rural-urban migration engenders an overpowering strain on the
housing and planning capacities of municipalities. The occurrence of conflicts
and natural disasters can lead to significant disruptions in housing stocks,
resulting in the displacement of residents into vulnerable and unstable
sheltering arrangements. Given the pervasive nature of poverty, which severely
constrains affordability, the attainment of formal housing remains an
insurmountable challenge for the majority of individuals (Afolayan et al.,
2019).
In Latin America,
analogous predicaments are being confronted, albeit with a discernible
reduction in the size of informal settlement populations during the past few
decades. According to the report published by UN-Habitat in 2014, it was
observed that the proportion of individuals residing in slums within the urban
areas of the region experienced a decline from an estimated 45% in 1990 to 23%
in 2014. This notable reduction can be attributed to the implementation of
assertive urban upgrading initiatives. Nevertheless, it is imperative to
acknowledge that Latin America continues to uphold its status as the most
urbanised region globally, wherein a staggering 80% of its populace resides
within urban areas. The persistent issue of affordable housing shortages
remains prevalent, as exemplified by the substantial presence of informal
settlements surrounding urban centres such as Rio de Janeiro, Mexico City,
Lima, and other comparable locales.
Asia, being the
continent of utmost significance, harbours the most substantial populations of
informal settlements in terms of absolute numbers. These settlements are
predominantly concentrated in the esteemed nations of India, China, and
Southeast Asia, which are renowned for their remarkable cultural and
socio-economic dynamics. In the context of India, it is noteworthy to
acknowledge that a staggering population of more than 65 million individuals currently
resides in slum areas, thereby exemplifying the profound implications of rapid
urban expansion and prevalent destitution (Chene, 2009). The emergence of
informal settlements in China can be attributed to the phenomenon of
accelerated urbanisation and the consequential influx of individuals migrating
from rural to urban areas (Chen & Zhang, 2019). Although not exclusively
confined to developing nations, the issue of insufficient living conditions
persists predominantly and extensively in low-income countries characterised by
inadequate housing provisions, deficient infrastructure, and limited planning
capacities.
1.2 Drivers of Informal
Settlements
The formation and expansion of informal settlements in the
developing world are propelled by a multitude of interconnected factors. The
phenomenon of rapid urbanisation perpetually surpasses the capabilities of
governmental entities to effectively strategize and furnish economically viable
housing alternatives, infrastructure, and fundamental amenities (UN-Habitat,
2020). The projected urban population growth in numerous regions from 2000 to
2030 is anticipated to result in a doubling of urban populations, thereby
exacerbating the strain on available resources. Rural-urban economic
disparities, despite the unfavourable living conditions they entail, serve as a
motivating factor for migration due to the accessibility of opportunities that
are otherwise absent in rural areas (Turok, 2015).
The absence of a robust system of secure land tenure serves as a
catalyst for the proliferation of informal settlements and the perpetuation of
socio-economic deprivation. The presence of ambiguous property rights has been
identified as a significant deterrent to investments aimed at enhancing housing
conditions, as highlighted by De Soto (2000). The precariousness of tenure also
exacerbates the perils associated with coerced displacements, thereby
relocating marginalised communities into even more adverse circumstances. The
current state of land administration is characterised by fragmentation and the
presence of bureaucratic bottlenecks, which pose significant constraints on the
achievement of orderly development (UN-Habitat, 2020).
The pervasive issues of poverty and inequality serve as prominent
catalysts, imposing constraints upon the range of viable housing alternatives
accessible to the urban underprivileged population. Given the prevailing
circumstances, it is evident that the dearth of economically viable formal
housing options in the majority of urban areas is a pressing concern (Gulyani
& Talukdar, 2008). The exacerbation of housing shortages is a direct
consequence of the presence of governance gaps within housing policy. The
availability of rental housing is significantly limited, with the presence of
stringent regulations and financial obstacles impeding the development of
affordable units within the private construction sector. The phenomenon of
discrimination not only serves to perpetuate the marginalisation of migrants
and minorities, but also manifests itself in the realm of formal housing
access, as elucidated by UN-Habitat in their seminal work published in the year
2020.
The formation and living conditions of informal settlements are
subject to an escalating influence from environmental factors, particularly
climate change. The occurrence of disasters necessitates the relocation of
inhabitants to areas that are fraught with perilous conditions, thereby lacking
fundamental safeguards. The ramifications of climate change further exacerbate
the susceptibilities of densely populated urban areas characterised by
inadequate living conditions, commonly referred to as slums (Satterthwaite et
al., 2020). Moving forward, it is highly probable that the phenomenon of
climate change will exacerbate the already precarious state of housing, albeit
with the potential for amelioration through the implementation of appropriate
adaptations, thereby fostering resilience.
In the context of South Africa, it is evident that the persistent
ramifications of apartheid, characterised by the deprivation of resources and
the segregation of different racial groups in terms of their spatial
distribution, persistently fuel the phenomenon of informal urbanisation (Smit,
2006). However, it is imperative to acknowledge that the exacerbation of inequality
since the year 1994 has also imposed significant limitations on the
availability of housing options for individuals with low incomes. This
phenomenon is a direct manifestation of the prevailing asymmetrical patterns of
economic expansion and the consequential erosion of employment opportunities
(Maharaj & Mpungose, 2020). Despite the implementation of constitutional
reforms and increased investments in housing, informal settlements continue to
persist due to unresolved structural drivers.
1.3 Residents’ Perspectives
Notwithstanding the adversities they face, denizens of informal
settlements articulate a heterogeneous array of justifications for their
occupancy of these peripheral domains. The literature often highlights the
significance of locational advantages, wherein the close proximity to economic
opportunities tends to overshadow any prevailing deprivations (Gulyani &
Talukdar, 2008). Informal housing, as posited by Maharaj and Mpungose (2020),
is perceived by certain scholars as a transitional conduit that facilitates
urban integration and fosters the prospect of mobility. Settlements, as
integral components of human habitation, serve as conduits for the
establishment and cultivation of intricate social networks, thereby engendering
a profound sense of communal belonging that is frequently absent within the
confines of sprawling urban environments characterised by their impersonal
nature. However, it is important to note that a significant portion of the
population experiences a sense of involuntary entrapment within dire
circumstances, primarily stemming from their exclusion from formal avenues of
opportunity. The comprehension of marginalised residents' perspectives assumes
paramount importance in the formulation of suitable upgrading interventions.
2 Rationale of the Study
2.1 Persisting Urban Inequality in
Post-Apartheid South Africa
Notwithstanding the considerable reforms implemented subsequent to
the demise of apartheid in 1994, it is evident that South Africa persists as
one of the most disparate societies on a global scale, as ascertained through
the examination of income distribution, asset ownership, and the availability
of opportunities (World Bank, 2022). Although overt manifestations of
discrimination have ostensibly ceased, it is imperative to acknowledge that
residual group-based disadvantages, stemming from the historical legacies of
colonialism and apartheid, persistently afflict the black majority populace in
a disproportionate manner (Grey & Mare, 2020). The manifestation of heightened
inequality subsequent to the democratic transition is indicative of disparate
trajectories of economic expansion and developmental paradigms that engender
the marginalisation of numerous societal segments (Maharaj & Mpungose,
2020). The manifestation of these systemic exclusions is readily apparent in
the enduring urban housing crisis of South Africa; a staggering number of 2
million households continue to reside in informal settlements that are devoid
of sufficient amenities and security measures (Huchzermeyer, 2021).
In light of the deeply entrenched race and class inequities that
have been established over the course of numerous centuries, it is evident that
the mere act of repealing apartheid legislation, without the implementation of
proactive inclusion initiatives, proved to be inadequate in addressing the
pervasive nature of inequality (EEC, 2020). The post-1994 era witnessed the
adoption of a globalised neoliberal policy framework, which placed utmost
emphasis on macroeconomic objectives such as fiscal discipline, trade
liberalisation, and the facilitation of foreign direct investment (Adelzadeh
& Padayachee, 2022). However, it must be noted that the adoption of the
Washington Consensus market orthodoxy did not effectively stimulate development
endeavours that significantly enhanced the quality of life for the impoverished
and the labouring masses (Mashele & Qobo, 2014). The imposition of top-down
governance mechanisms has effectively curtailed the active involvement of civil
society actors in the process of policymaking. According to the scholarly
discourse put forth by urban analyst Claire Benit-Gbaffou (2022, p. 1), it is
contended that South Africa, in its pursuit of a liberal trajectory,
regrettably neglected to implement crucial democratic innovations, thereby
perpetuating and solidifying the existing socio-economic disparities within the
nation.
In the context of this limited transformation, it is worth noting
that the housing crisis serves as a poignant illustration of more extensive
deficiencies in service provision aimed at ameliorating the plight of
marginalised populations (Huchzermeyer, 2021). The phenomenon of apartheid,
characterised by the oppressive enforcement of racial segregation, stands in
stark contrast to the contemporary housing shortfalls experienced under
democratic governance. These housing deficiencies can be attributed to the
inherent limitations of existing policies and the weakened capabilities of the
state, as expounded upon by Maharaj and Mpungose (2020). The ongoing expansion
of the housing backlog persists unabated, despite the substantial allocation of
billions of dollars towards subsidies and public construction endeavours. In
addition to the prevailing quantitative insufficiencies, it is imperative to
acknowledge the persisting inadequacies pertaining to the spatial distribution
of state housing developments. These deficiencies manifest in the concentration
of economically disadvantaged individuals on the outskirts of urban areas,
thereby exacerbating their distance from viable employment prospects (Turok,
2022). Delivery models pertaining to the provision of services often exhibit a
notable dearth of community engagement and inadequate provision of amenities.
In light of profound disparities and systemic dysfunctions
spanning various spheres, the developmental trajectory of South Africa has been
denoted as "unequal inclusion" by esteemed scholars such as Philip
Harrison (2021). Although legal deracialization has indeed facilitated the
emergence of a limited black middle-class, it is crucial to acknowledge that
the prevailing societal framework inherently favours the privileged few while
neglecting the broader populace. In the context of this delimited transitional
phase, it is observed that informal settlements manifest themselves as spatial
manifestations of socioeconomic marginalisation. The imperative to address
housing insufficiency and foster a more comprehensive approach to development
necessitates the deliberate engagement with the intricate interplay between
race, class, and spatial disparities that fundamentally shape the urban
landscapes and social fabric of post-apartheid municipalities. Through the
meticulous examination and analysis of localised living conditions, the primary
objective of this study is to provide valuable insights that can effectively
contribute to the implementation of structural reforms that would ultimately
serve the best interests of the marginalised and disadvantaged majority.
2.2 Participatory Informal
Settlement Upgrading
In the realm of South Africa's housing policies, it is worth
noting that despite the official endorsement of community participation, there
remains a prevalent adherence to top-down delivery approaches. Regrettably,
these approaches often fall short in adequately capturing local priorities or
harnessing the invaluable knowledge possessed by residents (Huchzermeyer,
2021). Informal settlements are frequently perceived by the state as illicit
entities, rather than being approached as prospective arenas for collaborative
upgrading initiatives. However, it is imperative to acknowledge that the
implementation of holistic and collaborative strategies, which are specifically
tailored to address localised needs, holds significant potential for achieving
favourable outcomes. According to the scholarly analysis put forth by Caroline
Wanjiku Kihato (2022:92), it is imperative for individuals residing in informal
settlements to assume the role of active agents and engaged interlocutors in
the process of shaping their own lived realities.
Globally, participatory informal settlement upgrading is being
increasingly acknowledged as a preeminent approach (Imparato & Ruster,
2003). In contrast to housing initiatives with a limited scope that primarily
emphasise the construction of individual units, comprehensive upgrading
endeavours encompass a multifaceted approach that encompasses physical, social,
economic, and environmental enhancements. This holistic strategy involves
active involvement and collaboration with residents, as highlighted by
Arfvidsson et al. (2020). Infrastructure enhancements, such as the development
of road networks, provision of clean water and sanitation facilities, and
establishment of reliable electricity systems, synergistically amalgamate with
community facilities, revitalization of public spaces, implementation of income
support mechanisms, and adoption of land tenure measures (Imparato &
Ruster, 2003).
Participation, in a similar vein, encompasses all phases of the
project, ranging from the initial needs assessment and strategic planning to
the subsequent execution and ongoing maintenance. The utilisation of surveys,
interviews, and communal visioning for the purpose of settlement profiling
serves to illuminate the prevailing priorities, constraints, and aspirations
within a given context, thereby providing valuable guidance for the
implementation of interventions (Arfvidsson et al., 2020). Participatory
enumerations possess the capacity to supersede external misconceptions through
the effective communication of empirical realities on the ground. Active
engagement in the strategic planning and execution of construction endeavours
additionally facilitates the cultivation of aptitudes and the fostering of
empowerment.
In general, community-driven approaches serve to promote the act
of appropriation and the cultivation of shared responsibility, thereby
facilitating the development of social capital through the implementation of
collaborative action (Imparato & Ruster, 2003). Numerous global evaluations
consistently ascertain that the implementation of participatory upgrading
initiatives yields superior outcomes and long-term viability when compared to
conventional top-down projects that lack the active engagement and ownership of
the intended beneficiaries. By engaging in active participation, denizens of
informal settlements assume the role of protagonists in the amelioration of
their habitation surroundings, transcending the mere status of passive
beneficiaries.
The National Upgrading Support Programme in South Africa has
formally established the requirement for participatory upgrading. However, it
is evident that there remains a deficiency in the implementation of meaningful
community engagement, as highlighted by Huchzermeyer (2021). The imperative for
transformative change necessitates a shift away from superficial consultation
practises towards the establishment of genuine collaborative partnerships with
informal settlements and grassroots organisations. Through a comprehensive
analysis of localised conditions and priorities, this study establishes the
fundamental groundwork for augmenting participation and empowerment within the
context of upgrading informal settlements in South Africa.
3 Significance of the Study
3.1 Enhancing State Responsiveness
The primary objective of this study is to provide valuable
insights and recommendations for policy reforms that can effectively enhance
the responsiveness of the government towards residents of informal settlements.
Specifically, the focus is on improving the delivery of housing,
infrastructure, and basic services to these marginalised communities. In light
of the maturation of South Africa's democracy, it is imperative to underscore
the significance of enhancing state capacities and fostering accountability in
order to effectively fulfil constitutional mandates (Lodge, 2022). In the
process of exhaustively delineating socioeconomic rights, such as the provision
of suitable housing, the state has encountered considerable challenges in
achieving universal fulfilment of fundamental necessities. The insufficiency of
community engagement, local knowledge, and transparency is a recurring issue in
top-down, technocratic governance, as highlighted by Benit-Gbaffou (2022).
Through the conveyance of lived experiences within informal
settlements, this research endeavour offers profound insights that have the
potential to enhance the responsiveness and efficacy of the state. According to
esteemed anthropologists Laetitia Cesarino and Tom Goodfellow (2022, p.12), the
utilisation of ethnographic perspectives holds the potential to unveil the
intricate tapestry of local moral and political realms that often remain
concealed within the realm of bureaucratic policymaking. The imperative to
humanise denizens of informal settlements and amplify their voices necessitates
the closure of the empathy gap that constrains governmental assistance (Ellis,
2022).
The primary objective of this study is to provide valuable
insights into the spatial allocation of housing and infrastructure investments,
taking into consideration settlement typologies and locational characteristics.
The phenomenon of centralised planning frequently exhibits a tendency to
disregard or undervalue the intricate nuances of local variability, thereby
resulting in suboptimal allocation of resources (Benit-Gbaffou, 2022). The
participatory assessments conducted to evaluate the conditions at the
neighbourhood level serve as the fundamental basis for implementing
context-specific interventions and determining the appropriate sequence of
actions, as highlighted by Arfvidsson et al. (2020).
The enhancement of municipal capabilities and the establishment of
community partnerships are equally imperative in the pursuit of participatory
upgrading and poverty alleviation, as highlighted by Reddy (2021). Through the
identification and examination of informal settlements within the larger
framework of urban systems, this research endeavours to facilitate integrated
approaches that transcend various sectors, including but not limited to water,
sanitation, transportation, land management, and local economic development
(Turok, 2022). The acquisition of agricultural knowledge at higher levels of
policy formulation can significantly augment the capacity for adaptability,
just as the cultivation of cooperative mechanisms for local governance can
foster a more responsive and inclusive decision-making process (Benit-Gbaffou,
2022).
3.2 Affordable Housing and Spatial
Justice
The present study endeavours to further the advancement of spatial
and socioeconomic justice through the elucidation of reforms that promote
equitable and affordable housing as well as inclusive urban environments.
According to the scholarly work of Jennifer Robinson (2022:339), it is posited
that spatial inequality serves as a crucial yet often overlooked facet of
social justice within urban environments that are influenced by inherent
structural disadvantages. The imposition of apartheid resulted in the
manifestation of severe racialized oppression, whereas the subsequent implementation
of marketized neoliberal urbanisation since 1994 has perpetuated the
concentration of poverty on the periphery of urban areas (Maharaj &
Mpungose, 2020).
The issue of desegregation persists as an ongoing concern,
characterised by the insufficient progress made thus far. Despite efforts to
address this matter, a significant number of individuals from the black
community continue to face exclusion from geographically advantageous
neighbourhoods that offer various amenities and opportunities. The perpetuation
of spatial marginalisation serves to reinforce broader disparities and
conditions of deprivation within society (Turok, 2022). The imperative of
integrating the urban fabric necessitates the fortification of capacities and
the provision of financial resources for the development of affordable housing
and infrastructure within all neighbourhoods, encompassing both formal and
informal settlements (Huchzermeyer, 2021).
The aforementioned research findings substantiate the need for
policy reforms such as inclusionary zoning, land value capture, expropriation
of underutilised plots for social housing, rent controls, and public housing
investment (Cirolia & Berrisford, 2022). Through the articulation of
experiential narratives pertaining to informality and the state of being in a
transitional state of urban citizenship, the constitutional obligation of the
governing body to rectify spatial and socioeconomic subjugation is brought to
the forefront (Chenwi, 2021). The attainment of social justice within the urban
landscape of South Africa remains an elusive goal, hindered by the stark
reality that a significant proportion, precisely one-quarter, of the urban
populace resides in informal settlements. The elucidation of spatial targeting
principles, as derived from scholarly investigations, such as the consideration
of proximity to economic opportunities, possesses the potential to serve as a
guiding framework for the allocation of resources towards affordable housing
investments, thereby fostering enhanced inclusivity within communities.
3.3 Global Learning
Ultimately, the primary objective of this study is to enhance the
global comprehension of informal settlements through the dissemination of
localised South African circumstances and policy mechanisms. Prominent scholars
in the field of housing, such as Marie Huchzermeyer (2021), have undertaken a
critical examination of normative global prescriptions that tend to overlook
the significance of local contexts. In the context of South Africa, it is
evident that the manifestation of certain underlying factors, such as poverty
and rural-urban migration, can be observed. However, it is imperative to
recognise that the spatial marginalisation and deprivation experienced in this
particular setting are deeply rooted in distinctive historical forces, as
elucidated by Pieterse (2022). Lessons derived from participatory upgrading
initiatives implemented in other contexts ought to be tailored and adjusted to
the unique characteristics and circumstances of this particular situation.
Through the elucidation of lived experiences and the elucidation
of priorities within the informal settlements of South Africa, this research
endeavours to provide profound insights that can effectively inform adaptive
international practise and facilitate meaningful comparisons. According to the
scholarly work of Alison Todes (2022, p. 213), it is posited that active
involvement with the phenomenon of urban informality presents opportunities for
the reevaluation and reconceptualization of prevailing urban theories and
policies. The act of emphasising the viewpoints of the community serves as a
means to challenge detrimental narratives surrounding the perceived pathologies
of slums, all the while validating the capabilities and resources possessed by
individuals who have been marginalised within these communities (Kihato, 2022).
The present study serves to provide a comprehensive
contextualization of comparative urban studies through an in-depth analysis of
the intricate governance, social, economic, and political dynamics that
underpin the phenomenon of informal urbanisation in South Africa. Grounded
learning principles have the potential to enhance the process of regional
knowledge exchange and policy transfer, thereby aligning them with the specific
local realities rather than being driven by external interests (Watson, 2022).
In light of the considerable obstacles confronting South Africa, it is
imperative to acknowledge that participatory informal settlement upgrading
initiatives offer viable avenues for achieving spatial and socioeconomic
equity.
4 Value of the Study
4.1 Informing Housing and Service
Delivery
The primary objective of this study is to enhance the
understanding of housing and basic service delivery policies by elucidating the
prevailing ground-level conditions and priorities within the informal
settlements of South Africa. In light of the copious amount of data available
pertaining to quantitative housing shortages and the prevailing living
conditions, it is disconcerting to observe that policies frequently fail to
adequately address the qualitative experiences and expressed needs of
communities (Huchzermeyer, 2021). Through the meticulous examination and
analysis of specific and localised challenges, such as the precarious nature of
tenure, the presence of environmental hazards, and the marginalisation of
certain social groups, the research presented herein offers compelling evidence
that can significantly contribute to the improvement and optimisation of
state-provided services and resources, ensuring their alignment with the
prevailing realities of the given context (Chenwi, 2022).
The comprehension of settlement typologies via the examination of
case studies facilitates the customization of interventions to specific needs.
In accordance with the scholarly insights put forth by Caroline Kihato (2022,
p.92), it is imperative to acknowledge and appreciate the multifaceted nature
of informal settlements in order to effectively implement responsive upgrading
strategies. Insufficient state engagement is a prevalent issue observed in
numerous communities, thereby underscoring the imperative for enhanced
participatory and decentralised governance (Reddy, 2021). The establishment of
synergistic alliances and iterative communication channels among diverse
societal collectives and various governmental domains has the potential to
fortify competencies and enhance responsibility (Benit-Gbaffou, 2022). Instead
of engaging in the punitive measures associated with the criminalization of
informality, it is imperative for the state to actively endorse and facilitate
the endeavours of households in their gradual and progressive pursuit of
enhancing their living conditions through collaborative and empowering means
(Katsaura, 2022).
4.2 Affordable Housing and Inclusion
The primary objective of this research is to provide comprehensive
insights that will contribute to the development of policy reforms pertaining
to the attainment of equitable and affordable housing, as well as the
establishment of spatially integrated and just cities. In light of South
Africa's persistent status as one of the most unequal societies on a global
scale, it is imperative to consider the application of spatial targeting
principles in housing investments. By delving into the examination of
marginalised settlements, we can glean valuable insights that can contribute to
the rectification of exclusionary urbanisation patterns (Turok, 2022). The
provision of affordable housing in strategically advantageous locations is of
paramount importance for the purposes of promoting desegregation and
facilitating equitable access to various opportunities (Huchzermeyer, 2021).
Through the articulation of lived experiences of exclusion, the research posits
the imperative to fortify progressive mechanisms such as inclusionary zoning,
rent controls, land value capture and expropriation, public housing, and
informal settlement upgrading as means to effectuate urban transformation
(Pieterse, 2022).
The existence of informal settlements is indicative of broader
systemic oppressions, with their rapid expansion serving as evidence of the
limited capacity and resources of the state to effectively safeguard
socioeconomic rights (Katsaura, 2022). In order to effectively address the
issue of inequality, it is imperative that housing policy reforms be seamlessly
integrated with comprehensive economic, spatial, and social interventions. This
approach, as advocated by Cirolia and Berrisford (2022), recognises the
necessity of targeting the underlying factors that contribute to inequality. By
adopting a holistic perspective, policymakers can develop strategies that not
only address the immediate housing concerns but also tackle the fundamental
causes of inequality in a multifaceted manner. The investigation of localised studies
offers valuable avenues for the facilitation of participatory policymaking and
the implementation of decentralised governance innovations, thereby granting
agency to historically marginalised communities (Benit-Gbaffou, 2022). The
inherent capacities and agency embedded within informal settlements possess the
potential to engender a more profound and revolutionary paradigm shift.
4.3 Global Urban Learning
The present study endeavours to furnish comprehensive empirical
insights pertaining to the specific informal settlement contexts in South
Africa, thereby enhancing the body of knowledge in international urban research
and practise. In her seminal work, Huchzermeyer (2021) assumes the role of a
prominent scholar, engaging in a critical analysis of prevailing global housing
prescriptions that regrettably overlook the intricate nuances and
idiosyncrasies inherent to local contexts. In accordance with the scholarly
work of Maharaj and Mpungose (2020), it is evident that South Africa, despite
experiencing common socioeconomic factors such as poverty and in-migration,
exhibits a distinct form of spatialized inequality. This particular
manifestation can be attributed to the nation's intricate historical context,
characterised by a legacy of racial oppression and dispossession. The
assimilation of insights derived from participatory upgrading initiatives in
other contexts ought to be tailored to the specific circumstances at hand.
Through the transmission of experiential narratives, the scholarly inquiry
compels active involvement with the intricate contextual intricacies inherent
in the South African milieu (Watson, 2022).
The insights derived from embodied experiences challenge the
prevailing external assumptions that tend to perceive informal settlements as
uniform spaces characterised by deficiencies (Katsaura, 2022). The
foregrounding of marginalised residents' perspectives serves to highlight their
agency and the contentious nature of their citizenship (Kihato, 2022). The
present study establishes the contextual underpinnings for comparative urban
learning that are congruent with the practical realities on the ground, rather
than relying on abstract notions of optimal methodologies. In the context of
South Africa, it is evident that the nation grapples with significant
obstacles. However, it is imperative to acknowledge that the mobilised civil
society within this milieu also serves as a valuable repository of resources,
thereby facilitating the potential for progressive transformation (Pieterse,
2022). The implementation of participatory informal settlement upgrading
initiatives has the potential to engender a favourable environment conducive to
the attainment of spatial and socioeconomic justice.
5 Research Questions
5.1 Main Research Question
·
To what extent has
the development of informal settlements in Clayoven (Fourways), Johannesburg,
contributed to the well-being of its residents?
5.2 Sub-Research Questions
- What
are the main demographic characteristics of informal settlement residents,
and how do these demographics correlate with access to services and
opportunities?
- How
do state policies and interventions currently support or undermine
improvements in informal settlement living conditions?
- How
have NGOs, international agencies, and community-based organizations
contributed to improving living conditions and prospects within informal
settlements, and what areas could benefit from enhanced collaboration?
- What
are the environmental challenges faced by informal settlements, and how
can sustainable practices be integrated into infrastructure development
and daily life?
·
What localized
governance, spatial planning and municipal finance reforms can strengthen
collaborative informal settlement upgrading and inclusion?
6 Research Objectives
6.1 Main Research Objective
·
To assess the
overall impact of informal settlement development in Clayoven (Fourways),
Johannesburg, on the well-being and quality of life of its residents.
6.2 Sub-Research Objectives
- To
assess the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of informal
settlement residents, including income levels, education, and employment
opportunities, to understand the underlying factors affecting living
conditions and prospects.
- To
critically assess current state housing, planning and participatory
governance frameworks in supporting or inhibiting informal settlement
upgrading.
- To
investigate the role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs),
international agencies, and community-based organizations in supporting
informal settlement improvements, and to identify best practices and areas
for collaboration.
- To
analyze the environmental sustainability of informal settlements,
including issues related to waste management, sanitation, and access to
clean water, and to propose eco-friendly solutions for healthier living
conditions.
·
To elucidate
potential governance, spatial planning, and municipal finance reforms that
strengthen collaborative, participatory informal settlement upgrading toward
spatial justice.
7 Purpose
The primary objective of this study is to provide a comprehensive
analysis of housing and development policy reforms, with the ultimate goal of
improving the living conditions, preserving human dignity, and fostering better
prospects for residents residing in informal settlements within the context of
South Africa. With a population exceeding 2 million households, South Africa is
confronted with the pervasive presence of informal settlements, characterised
by dense living conditions, makeshift dwellings, and a dearth of security
measures and sufficient amenities (Huchzermeyer, 2021). The exponential growth
of these phenomena, which can be traced back to the implementation of apartheid
policies, followed by their exacerbation in the aftermath of apartheid,
signifies a significant deficiency in governance and a violation of fundamental
human rights (Pieterse, 2022). The realisation of the constitutional assurance
of equitable housing for all continues to elude us, remaining an aspirational
concept yet to be fully actualized.
In the realm of housing deficits, it is imperative to acknowledge
that policies frequently fail to adequately consider the lived experiences and
inherent priorities of individuals residing within marginalised settlements
(Reddy, 2021). The primary objective of this research is to effectively
communicate the authentic experiences and requirements expressed by the
residents themselves. This will consequently facilitate the establishment of
more proactive state interventions that are better aligned with the identified
needs of the community. The comprehension of the intricate struggles
experienced by individuals in their daily lives, as well as the examination of
the various initiatives undertaken by communities, serves as a fundamental
basis for the implementation of forward-thinking reforms (Chenwi, 2022).
The primary objective of this study is to provide insights that
can contribute to the development of effective policies and spatial planning
strategies. These initiatives are intended to address issues of inequality and
facilitate the provision of affordable housing in well-connected areas,
ultimately fostering the creation of equitable and inclusive urban
environments. The persistence of spatial segregation patterns in South Africa
perpetuates broader exclusion and deprivation, particularly among marginalised
black communities residing in urban peripheries (Turok, 2022). The utilisation
of localised insights holds paramount significance in bolstering capacities and
securing financial resources for the enhancement of informal settlements and
the establishment of cost-effective housing in privileged regions, thereby
contributing to the attainment of urban justice (Pieterse, 2022).
The primary objective of this study is to contribute nuanced
empirical evidence pertaining to the unique informal settlement contexts in
South Africa. The aim is to enhance the field of international comparative
urban studies by providing a more comprehensive understanding of these specific
contexts. As underscored by prominent academics, the normative global housing
prescriptions exhibit a tendency to overlook the intricate nuances that are
intricately intertwined with the historical, political, and cultural fabric of
local contexts (Huchzermeyer, 2021). The incorporation of lived experiences
serves to establish a solid foundation for a more nuanced and comprehensive
approach to both learning and practical application.
Through the deliberate focus on frequently marginalised voices
within the informal settlements of South Africa, this study advocates for the
implementation of governance innovations that are both responsive and in line
with constitutional obligations. The pursuit of progressive change necessitates
the establishment of state accountability and the empowerment of communities as
collaborative partners, in order to address informal living conditions and the
broader spatial and socioeconomic inequalities.
8 Literature Review
This thorough literature study examines South African informal
settlement growth, upgrading, and policy reform scholarship. This study focuses
on marginalised settlement members' living conditions, state initiatives, and
community participation. This research also intends to offer meaningful
recommendations to improve these marginalised residents' chances and
well-being. The ongoing urban inequality and housing problem in South Africa
reflect apartheid's spatial and socioeconomic effects (Turok, 2022). Housing
deficits have been extensively studied. As Reddy (2021) explains, this analysis
examines community-level ethnographic perspectives on informal settlement life.
Participatory upgrading is essential, but South Africa has struggled to engage
citizens as collaborators rather than beneficiaries (Huchzermeyer, 2021).
Collaborative governance, spatial fairness, and incremental housing are key
theoretical conceptions for progressive transformation and empowerment.
8.1 Theorizing Informal
Settlements: Structural Violence and Precarity
The academic conceptualizations pertaining to informal settlements
shed light on their genesis within larger frameworks of exclusion and
deprivation. According to the scholarly work of anthropologist Tara Polzer
Ngwato (2021:2), it is posited that informal settlements serve as a
manifestation of what is commonly referred to as "structural
violence." This concept pertains to the systematic perpetuation of
political, social, and economic injustices by both the state and society,
specifically targeting marginalised groups. Within the context of South Africa,
the pervasive violence associated with racialized dispossession and oppression
during the apartheid era has effectively solidified persistent spatial and
economic disparities. Consequently, this has engendered a pressing need for the
urban underprivileged to adopt informal survival mechanisms as a means of
subsistence (Maharaj & Mpungose, 2020). Although the democratic system
successfully dismantled the practise of legal segregation, it regrettably fell
short in completely eliminating its deeply ingrained institutional consequences
or instigating genuinely transformative measures (Benit-Gbaffou, 2022).
The utilisation of informality, in this context, can be understood
as not merely a matter of personal preference, but rather as an imperative
response to the enduring presence of structural violence and the limitations
imposed upon one's citizenship. According to Kihato (2019:95), informal
settlements can be conceptualised as "spaces of urban precarity"
wherein inhabitants face a dearth of security but nonetheless demonstrate resourcefulness
and autonomy. The ethnographic narratives place significant emphasis on the
intricate nature of human existence, thereby challenging prevailing stereotypes
that depict certain groups as passive or submissive. The process of settlement
upgrading necessitates the acknowledgment of resilience in conjunction with the
mitigation of unjust exclusionary practises.
8.2 Living Conditions in Informal
Settlements
Through comprehensive ethnographic investigations, it has been
elucidated that individuals residing in informal settlements are subjected to a
multitude of health and safety hazards as a result of their constrained and
perilous living environments. In her comprehensive ethnographic study, Dreyfus
(2021) offers a profound analysis of the socio-cultural dynamics prevalent in
Mathare, a longstanding and expansive informal settlement situated in Kenya.
The author meticulously examines the multifaceted challenges encountered by the
inhabitants of this community, encompassing the arduous task of fulfilling
fundamental necessities such as sustenance, accommodation, and access to
medical services. The temporary dwellings constructed in an improvised manner
provide minimal insulation against extreme temperatures and are highly
susceptible to fire hazards. Furthermore, the absence of adequate access to
potable water and proper sanitation facilities fosters the proliferation of
various diseases. The prevalence of gender-based violence can be attributed to
the lack of sufficient lighting infrastructure or effective policing measures.
The exacerbation of vulnerability is a direct consequence of economic
precarity, which is further compounded by the fact that a significant portion
of the population relies on insecure informal employment as their primary means
of subsistence. The conditions of settlement exhibit a striking resemblance to
the broader manifestations of structural violence.
South African settlements exhibit analogous challenges. In the
scholarly work conducted by esteemed sociologist Phiri (2020), a comprehensive documentation
is presented regarding the manifold instances of everyday adversity that are
encountered by the inhabitants of Mnandi, an informal settlement situated in
close proximity to the illustrious city of Cape Town. The female population
disproportionately shoulders the burden of fetching water from communal taps or
utilising communal toilets, primarily as a consequence of insufficient
provisions for sanitation. The pervasive prevalence of criminal violence within
society gives rise to a heightened state of fear and trauma among individuals.
Phiri posits that although residents possess agency in the creation of
habitable environments, it is imperative for the state to intervene in order to
effectively uphold constitutional rights. The prevailing circumstances of
settlements are indicative of systemic disregard rather than individual
shortcomings.
8.3 State Interventions in
Informal Settlements
Although the post-apartheid government of South Africa has indeed
embraced progressive housing rights frameworks, it is imperative to acknowledge
that the state interventions implemented thus far have demonstrated
insufficiencies and inherent flaws. In her scholarly analysis, Chenwi (2013)
offers a critical examination of the state's adversarial approach, which entails
the criminalization and eviction of informal settlers through the
implementation of stringent "slum clearance" strategies that
flagrantly infringe upon their dignity and rights. The prevailing paradigm in
contemporary governance is characterised by the prominence of technocratic and
market-oriented policies that prioritise the maintenance of order at the
expense of fostering inclusivity. This state of affairs persists,
notwithstanding the existence of constitutional safeguards designed to uphold
the principles of equity and fairness (Huchzermeyer, 2021).
In their scholarly work, Rubin (2019) meticulously examines the
strategies employed by the authorities in Cape Town to rationalise settlement
demolitions and the subsequent displacement of residents. The author highlights
the utilisation of coercive environmental health and safety justifications,
which effectively supersede participatory mandates. The prevailing governance
paradigm persists in adhering to the antiquated logic of the apartheid era, wherein
informal settlements and their residents are perceived as incongruous entities
within urban landscapes. The assertion made by Cirolia and Berrisford (2022)
posits that the implementation of hierarchical urban visions is emblematic of
the privileged classes' interests, rather than an accurate reflection of the
lived experiences of marginalised communities. In order to effectuate
substantial and significant progress, it is imperative to reframe the
conceptualization of urban space accessibility as a matter pertaining to rights
and justice, rather than one centred around criminality.
8.4 Community-Driven Upgrading
Initiatives
In light of the apparent disregard exhibited by the state,
communities residing in informal settlements have taken it upon themselves to
autonomously and progressively ameliorate the prevailing conditions within
their localities, while simultaneously challenging the prevailing practises of
exclusion. In the scholarly work of Katsaura (2020), an in-depth analysis
is presented on the social movement known as Abahlali baseMjondolo in Durban.
This movement is composed of individuals residing in informal settlements, who
have organised themselves to advocate for various fundamental rights, including
access to land, adequate housing, and the establishment of participatory
governance structures. Abahlali adeptly procures indispensable services such as
water through the strategic implementation of protests and negotiations, all
the while challenging the unjust criminalization of the informal dwelling
paradigm. According to Katsaura, the aforementioned movement exhibits a
prefigurative nature that foreshadows the potential for actualizing
constitutional housing rights by means of profoundly inclusive and communal
practises.
In their scholarly investigation, Silva (2019) delves into the
intricate dynamics of women-led partnerships that emerge between settlement
communities and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) in the context of Cape
Town's informal settlements. The primary focus of this study revolves around
the collaborative enumerations and data gathering initiatives orchestrated by
these entities. The development of participatory digital cartography, aimed at
capturing and analysing local conditions, has yielded a robust empirical
foundation that can be effectively utilised to advocate for targeted
improvements that align with the preferences and priorities of the residents.
The facilitation of incremental collaboration serves to cultivate democratic
capacities and foster citizenship from a grassroots perspective. In light of
the prevailing circumstances, it is imperative to acknowledge that the enduring
nature of informal settlements necessitates a departure from antagonistic
policies towards the realisation of genuinely inclusive urban environments.
8.6 Theoretical Framework:
Collaborative Governance Theory
The research at hand is grounded in the theoretical framework of
collaborative governance theory, which highlights the imperative of fostering
inclusive and participatory partnerships among governmental entities, civil
society organisations, and marginalised communities in the realms of
policymaking and development. Collaborative governance, as explicated by
esteemed political scientist Chris Ansell (2022:137), can be comprehended as a
governing framework wherein both public and private actors synergistically
engage in a concerted manner, employing unique methodologies, to promulgate
legislative measures and regulations pertaining to the dispensation of public
goods. The imperative for co-production through resident engagement to upgrade
informal settlements has been largely overlooked by South Africa's technocratic
housing policies.
The application of collaborative governance theory serves to
emphasise the paramount significance of deliberative, democratic
state-community partnerships, collective action, and participatory policy
formulation in the process of reforming local development (Abelson et al.,
2022). The aforementioned statement posits a normative framework that enables
the evaluation of prevailing housing practises vis-à-vis alternative approaches
that acknowledge informal settlement inhabitants as active collaborators
possessing agency, rather than mere recipients or objects (Huchzermeyer, 2021).
The objectives of collaborative governance align with the perspectives of
scholars who advocate for participatory upgrading as the most effective
approach in informal contexts (Imparato & Ruster, 2003). In its entirety,
this theoretical framework places significant emphasis on the obligations of
the state to empower marginalised communities as active partners in the
realisation of the constitutional entitlement to sufficient housing.
9 Research Approach and Design
9.1 Research Approach
The research approach assumes a paramount role in delineating the
study's methodology, influencing the methods utilised, and establishing a
philosophical underpinning for data acquisition and analysis. In the assessment
of informal settlement development in Clayoven (Fourways), Johannesburg, a
Mixed Methods approach has been selected, as it effectively amalgamates
quantitative and qualitative research methodologies within a unified
investigation, thereby synergistically harnessing the respective merits of both
approaches (Mishra & Alok, 2022; Singh, 2022). The utilisation of a mixed
methods approach facilitates a thorough and exhaustive examination of the
intricate matters pertaining to the development of informal settlements,
thereby affording a comprehensive comprehension of the research quandary. This
is in accordance with the research objective to evaluate the ramifications of
informal settlement expansion on the well-being and quality of life of its
inhabitants.
A plethora of research methodologies exists within the realm of
social sciences, each characterised by its unique philosophical foundations and
methodological implementations (Gupta & Gupta, 2022). The prevailing
research methodologies encompass quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods,
which are commonly employed in scholarly investigations. The selection of a
mixed methods approach for this study is predicated upon a multitude of
deliberations.
The salient determinant in the investigation conundrum is an
influential variable (Acampora et al., 2022). The development of informal
settlements is subject to the influence of a multitude of social, economic, and
environmental factors. The utilisation of a mixed methods approach facilitates
a thorough and exhaustive examination of the intricate intricacies inherent in
the subject matter at hand. This is achieved through the amalgamation of
quantitative data pertaining to various aspects such as demographics,
infrastructure, and services, with qualitative insights that delve into the
lived experiences and subjective perceptions of the individuals involved.
Triangulation, an essential facet of research methodology, has
been extensively explored in recent scholarly works (Singh, 2022; Mishra &
Alok, 2022). Through the utilisation of a comprehensive blend of quantitative
and qualitative methodologies, the present study endeavours to augment the
veracity and dependability of its empirical outcomes. Triangulation, a
methodological approach, entails the meticulous process of corroborating and
validating findings derived from diverse data sources and methodologies. By
employing this rigorous technique, the potential for bias is effectively
mitigated, thereby enhancing the overall reliability and validity of the
research outcomes. The aforementioned approach facilitates the acquisition of a
more comprehensive and resilient comprehension pertaining to the phenomenon of
informal settlement development.
The utilisation of a mixed methods research design provides a
comprehensive and all-encompassing viewpoint regarding the well-being and
quality of life experienced by individuals residing in informal settlements
(Gupta & Gupta, 2022). The aforementioned statement adeptly encompasses the
utilisation of objective indicators in conjunction with an exploration of
subjective experiences and narratives, thereby facilitating a comprehensive and
nuanced understanding of the research problem at hand (Acampora et al., 2022;
Singh, 2022).
Therefore, it is imperative to acknowledge that the selected
methodology holds significant policy ramifications, as evidenced by the
scholarly work of Mishra and Alok (2022). The present study endeavours to
elucidate the implications for housing policies and governance frameworks.
Through the amalgamation of quantitative data pertaining to socio-economic
conditions and qualitative insights elucidating the perspectives of local
inhabitants, the research endeavour possesses the capacity to engender policy
recommendations that are not only actionable but also firmly rooted in a
holistic comprehension of the prevailing context. In a concise synthesis, the
utilisation of a mixed methods approach harmonises with the research objectives
of the study and the intricate intricacies inherent in the research quandary.
This judicious selection establishes a sturdy groundwork for the comprehensive
exploration of the ramifications of informal settlement development in Clayoven
(Fourways), Johannesburg, on the well-being and quality of life of its
inhabitants. Furthermore, it serves as a valuable resource for the formulation
of informed policy and governance deliberations.
9.2 Research Design
The research design assumes a pivotal role within the research
process, as it delineates the overarching framework and strategy for executing
the investigation. In the pursuit of assessing the progress of informal
settlement development in the esteemed locale of Clayoven, situated in the
illustrious region of Fourways within the vibrant city of Johannesburg, a
meticulously chosen research design has been deemed appropriate. Specifically,
a Sequential Explanatory Design, operating within the expansive framework of a
Mixed Methods approach, has been meticulously selected, drawing upon the
scholarly works of Flick (2022) and Carter et al. (2023). The present research
design incorporates both quantitative and qualitative components, thereby
providing the necessary flexibility to comprehensively address the research
objectives at hand. The research methodology encompasses an initial phase
dedicated to the collection and analysis of quantitative data, which is
subsequently followed by a qualitative phase aimed at offering profound
insights and elucidations.
The selection of the research design is motivated by the
imperative to employ triangulation of data sources, as elucidated by Muzari et
al. (2022). Through the initial acquisition of quantitative data pertaining to
socio-economic and demographic attributes, infrastructure, and services, this
study lays the groundwork for comprehending the overarching circumstances
prevalent within the informal settlement. The subsequent qualitative phase
subsequently explores the experiences, perceptions, and narratives of the
residents, thereby offering a more comprehensive and profound understanding of
the ramifications of these circumstances.
The utilisation of the Sequential Explanatory Design additionally
enables the amalgamation of findings derived from distinct phases (Jamshidi et
al., 2022). In the quantitative phase of the study, data is systematically
gathered through the utilisation of structured surveys and assessments. This
meticulous approach allows for the precise quantification of diverse indicators
pertaining to the multifaceted realm of living conditions. In the subsequent
qualitative phase, a comprehensive array of research methods, including
interviews, focus groups, and observations, are meticulously employed to delve
into the intricate and multifaceted factors that exert influence upon the
well-being and quality of life experienced by the esteemed residents. The
aforementioned findings have been synthesised and amalgamated in order to
provide a holistic and all-encompassing comprehension of the underlying
research quandary (Carter et al., 2023; Flick, 2022).
Furthermore, this particular design facilitates the formulation of
research inquiries and the creation of data gathering tools that are grounded
in preceding discoveries (Muzari et al., 2022). The quantitative phase plays a
pivotal role in laying the groundwork for the design of the subsequent
qualitative phase, thereby guaranteeing that the research inquiries in the
latter phase are precisely focused and tailored to the specific context at
hand. The alignment of various components within the study serves to enhance
both its coherence and depth.
Henceforth, it can be posited that the Sequential Explanatory
Design, situated within the broader framework of the Mixed Methods approach,
exhibits a commendable alignment with the research objectives aimed at
evaluating the ramifications of informal settlement development on the
well-being and quality of life of its inhabitants. The present study adeptly
leverages the inherent merits of both quantitative and qualitative
methodologies in order to yield a comprehensive comprehension of the intricate
matters pertaining to informal settlements within the geographical confines of
Clayoven (Fourways), Johannesburg. The present research design presents a
meticulously crafted and adaptable framework for the purpose of data collection
and analysis, thereby enhancing the robustness and comprehensiveness of the
study's findings while remaining consistent with the overarching research
methodology.
9.3 Research Area and Targeted
Respondents
The research area for this study, "An Evaluation of the
Development of Informal Settlements in South Africa: Clayoven (Fourways)
Johannesburg," encompasses the geographical and sociodemographic context
of the study. Clayoven, located in the Fourways area of Johannesburg, South
Africa, is characterized by the presence of informal settlements, and this
research seeks to evaluate various aspects of these settlements. Understanding
the research area is fundamental to selecting the appropriate respondents who
can provide valuable insights into the conditions and dynamics within these
informal settlements.
·
Geographical
Context
Clayoven, situated within the broader Fourways region, is a
peri-urban area that has witnessed significant urbanization and population
growth in recent years. While Fourways itself is known for its commercial and
residential developments, Clayoven stands in stark contrast with a significant
portion of its population residing in informal settlements. These informal
settlements have become a prominent feature of the area's landscape, attracting
attention due to the associated challenges and opportunities.
·
Sociodemographic
Context
The sociodemographic context of the research area is characterized
by a diverse population with varying income levels, education, and employment
opportunities. The informal settlement residents, in particular, represent a
marginalized and vulnerable demographic group, facing challenges related to
housing, infrastructure, sanitation, and access to basic services.
Understanding the sociodemographic landscape is essential for identifying the
specific needs and priorities of the target respondents.
·
Targeted
Respondents
To comprehensively evaluate the development of informal
settlements in Clayoven, the study will engage with a diverse group of
respondents who can provide multifaceted insights. The selection of these
respondents aligns with the mixed methods approach employed in the research
design, encompassing both quantitative and qualitative data collection.
1. Informal Settlement Residents: The primary respondents for this study are the residents of the
informal settlements in Clayoven. Their experiences, perspectives, and
narratives are central to understanding the impact of development on their
well-being and quality of life. A stratified random sampling approach will be
used to ensure representation from various sections of the informal
settlements.
2. Local Authorities and Government Officials: Engaging with local authorities, municipal representatives, and
government officials at different levels is crucial for gaining insights into
the policies, regulations, and interventions related to informal settlements in
Clayoven. Interviews and document analysis will be employed to gather data from
this group.
3. Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and Community-Based
Organizations (CBOs): NGOs and CBOs
play a significant role in supporting informal settlement improvements and
advocating for residents' rights. These organizations will be interviewed to
understand their contributions, challenges, and collaboration opportunities
within the research area.
4. International Agencies: International agencies often provide funding and expertise for
development projects in informal settlements. Interviews and document reviews
will be conducted with representatives from relevant international agencies
operating in the region.
5. Academic Experts and Researchers: Academic experts and researchers specializing in urban
development, informal settlements, and housing policies will be consulted to
gain insights into broader theoretical frameworks and best practices in the
field.
6. Community Leaders and Activists: Community leaders and activists who are actively involved in
advocating for the rights and well-being of informal settlement residents will
be interviewed to capture grassroots perspectives and initiatives.
7. Residents' Associations: Residents' associations within the informal settlements will be
approached to understand their role in community mobilization, advocacy, and
local governance.
8. Environmental Experts: Given the focus on environmental sustainability, environmental
experts with knowledge of waste management, sanitation, and eco-friendly solutions
will be consulted.
9. Business and Private Sector Representatives: The private sector, including businesses operating in the area,
may have insights into corporate social responsibility initiatives and their
impact on informal settlement development.
By strategically selecting a diverse array of respondents, one can
ascertain a comprehensive and multifaceted evaluation of the progression of
informal settlement development in Clayoven, located in the esteemed locale of
Fourways within the vibrant city of Johannesburg. The data procured from these
esteemed stakeholders shall facilitate a meticulous examination of the
multifaceted aspects of development, encompassing its intricate challenges and
promising prospects within the designated research domain.
9.4 Sample and Data Collection
·
Sampling
Methodology
The meticulous and deliberate selection of an appropriate sample
is an indispensable and foundational aspect of the research methodology
meticulously adopted for this scholarly investigation. In order to ascertain
the representativeness of the findings pertaining to the populace of
individuals residing in the informal settlements of Clayoven (Fourways),
Johannesburg, the researchers have opted to utilise a stratified random
sampling methodology. The proposed methodology entails the stratification of
the population into discrete strata, predicated upon salient attributes
encompassing age, gender, household income, and duration of habitation within
the informal settlement. As per the scholarly work of Mishra and Alok (2022),
it has been established that the utilisation of stratified random sampling
methodology serves to augment the representativeness of the sample by
guaranteeing that each subgroup is sufficiently and proportionately
represented.
In order to ascertain the appropriate sample size, the researchers
meticulously deliberated upon the multifaceted nature and intricate composition
of the informal settlements within the realm of Clayoven. Recognising the
imperative to comprehensively encompass a diverse array of experiences and
perspectives, it is recommended that a sample size of approximately 200
participants be employed. As elucidated by Gupta and Gupta (2022), it is
imperative to acknowledge that in intricate research contexts, a more expansive
sample size is frequently necessitated in order to adequately accommodate the
inherent variations within the population under investigation, thereby
augmenting the overall generalizability of the resultant findings. This
substantial sample size will facilitate the researchers in deriving significant
conclusions from the collected data.
·
Data Collection
The research project's data collection methodology encompasses a
synergistic integration of quantitative and qualitative methods, thereby
facilitating a holistic comprehension of the evolution of informal settlements
in the locality of Clayoven. The aforementioned methodologies encompass a range
of data collection techniques commonly employed in scholarly research, namely
surveys, interviews, document analysis, participant observation, and focus
group discussions.
Surveys: The acquisition
of quantitative data shall be accomplished by means of structured surveys that
will be administered to the denizens of informal settlements. The forthcoming
surveys will encompass a combination of closed-ended inquiries and Likert-scale
items, encompassing a wide range of subjects including sociodemographic
particulars, living circumstances, service accessibility, and perspectives on
development. The inherent structure of surveys serves to guarantee the utmost
consistency in the process of data collection, thereby enabling the seamless
execution of subsequent statistical analyses.
Interviews: In order to
acquire comprehensive qualitative insights, the research team shall undertake
semi-structured interviews with various key stakeholders, encompassing informal
settlement residents, local authorities, non-governmental organisations (NGOs),
community-based organisations (CBOs), representatives from international
agencies, and esteemed academic experts. The forthcoming interviews shall serve
as a platform for participants to expound upon their experiences, perspectives,
and recommendations pertaining to the development of informal settlements. As
underscored by Singh (2022), the utilisation of semi-structured interviews
affords researchers with the opportunity to engage in a flexible and
comprehensive examination of intricate research inquiries.
Document Analysis: The
proposed methodology entails the utilisation of document analysis as a means to
thoroughly scrutinise and assess pertinent textual artefacts, encompassing
governmental reports, policy documents, non-governmental organisation (NGO)
publications, and scholarly studies. This particular methodology shall
facilitate the comprehension of the policy and regulatory structure
encompassing the development of informal settlements in Clayoven, thereby
furnishing the study with invaluable contextual information. As per the
scholarly work of Flick (2022), it is imperative to acknowledge the
significance of document analysis as a methodological approach in the realm of
research. This approach entails a meticulous examination of pre-existing
records and documents, serving as a complementary means to augment primary data
collection efforts.
Participant Observation: Scholars shall undertake the method of participant observation
in order to acquire firsthand experiential knowledge pertaining to the
quotidian existence and adversities encountered within the informal
settlements. Field notes shall be meticulously recorded during the course of
these observations, with the primary objective of documenting contextual
information and capturing subtle nuances that might otherwise elude detection
via alternative data collection methodologies. As elucidated by Carter et al.
(2023), the utilisation of participant observation as a research methodology
enables scholars to engross themselves within the research milieu, thereby
facilitating the opportunity to make real-time observations.
Focus Group Discussions: Focus group discussions shall be meticulously orchestrated, with
due consideration given to the involvement of esteemed residents' associations
and esteemed community leaders. The primary objective of these discussions is
to foster an environment conducive to group dynamics, thereby engendering the
generation of collective perspectives on pertinent development issues. These
deliberations will facilitate the engagement of participants, fostering the
exchange of viewpoints, and collaboratively discerning pivotal obstacles and
prospects. As elucidated by Muzari, Shava, and Shonhiwa (2022), focus group
discussions serve as a conducive milieu for collective engagement, thereby
facilitating the revelation of communal experiences and shared priorities.
Data collection procedures will be conducted systematically,
following established protocols and ethical guidelines. The research team will
undergo training to ensure consistency in data collection, minimize bias, and
maintain ethical standards throughout the research process. In summary, the
sampling and data collection methodology adopted for this study are designed to
capture a comprehensive picture of informal settlement development in Clayoven,
Johannesburg. The combination of quantitative and qualitative methods, along
with the use of diverse data sources, will enable the researchers to provide a
nuanced analysis of the impact of development efforts on the well-being and
quality of life of informal settlement residents.
9.5 Research Scope (Delimitations)
Clear delimitations are needed to specify the scope of this
investigation. These limits keep the research effort focused and feasible while
understanding the restrictions and practicalities of such a large
investigation.
This study will focus on Clayoven, an informal neighbourhood in
Johannesburg's Fourways neighbourhood. Although informal settlements are found
nationwide, including in other cities, Clayoven was chosen as the principal
research site. This choice is made to perform a detailed, context-specific analysis
of one settlement to better understand informal settlement development in that
location. Thus, the findings and conclusions of this study will focus on
Clayoven and may not apply to all informal settlements in South Africa. Study
duration also limits research area. Clayoven's current progress will be the
focus of the research. This study will focus on informal settlement conditions
and recent trends, even though historical context may be useful. History of
Clayoven's evolution requires comprehensive and distinct investigation.
The opinions and experiences of Clayoven informal settlement
residents, stakeholders, and relevant entities limit the research scope. While
the study acknowledges systemic and structural variables that drive informal
settlement development, it will focus on community members' viewpoints,
experiences, and circumstances. Note that the study may not include external
agency or government opinions. Environmental sustainability study scope is
another key restriction. Sustainability issues including waste management,
sanitation, and clean water affect informal settlement residents' well-being,
hence the study will examine them. In-depth environmental impact assessments
and ecological studies are outside this research.
Finally, Clayoven and its surroundings will be the study's main
focus. There may be connections to broader urban and regional dynamics, however
the research will not analyse urban planning or development trends in other
sections of Johannesburg or South Africa. These delineations keep the research
manageable, focus it, and clarify its boundaries and constraints. The study
seeks to understand Clayoven's informal settlement's evolution while
considering its context by following these boundaries.
9.6 Research Limitations
This study aims to understand Clayoven informal colony in
Fourways, Johannesburg, and its effects on residents, but it must recognise its
limits. These constraints help balance study findings and conclusions by
prompting reconsideration. This research is limited by data gathering
constraints. Despite diligent efforts to acquire complete and representative
data, informal settlements like Clayoven can make data access and documentation
difficult. Residents may not want to share their experiences, or particular parts
of their lives in the community may stay private, limiting data collection.
Respondent bias or resident availability may also affect the study's interviews
and surveys.
Specificity of the research focus is another restriction. Clayoven
is a useful case study for informal settlement growth, but its findings may not
apply to other informal settlements in South Africa or elsewhere. Each informal
settlement has its own history, issues, and peculiarities, which may differ
from Clayoven. The research's applicability to other contexts should be
evaluated cautiously. Furthermore, the research's temporal span limits it. The
study focuses on Clayoven's current state and previous advances. Thus, it may
not capture the settlement's whole historical context, which could shed light
on its history. A more thorough historical analysis requires separate
investigation.
Focusing on citizen, stakeholder, and local entity views limits
the research area. These speakers offer valuable insights, however the study
may not include external agencies, government authorities, or informal
settlement development organisations. Additional research is needed to
understand informal settlements' structural and systemic characteristics. Last,
the inquiry focuses on Clayoven and its surroundings. It acknowledges potential
connections to broader urban and regional dynamics but does not analyse urban
planning or development trends in other sections of Johannesburg or South
Africa. This constraint emphasises the need for cautiously extrapolating findings
to diverse regions.
This research acknowledges these limitations to be transparent and
humble in its conclusions. Despite these restrictions, studying Clayoven
informal settlement evolution provides valuable information. Instead, they
stress nuanced interpretations and informal settlement studies research
opportunities.
9.7 Envisaged Findings
First, the study will profile Clayoven's population' socioeconomic
backgrounds, education, and work options. These studies will illuminate
settlement living conditions and prospects. Second, the research will
examine how state housing policies, planning frameworks, and participatory
governance processes affect informal settlement development. The study also
seeks to identify successful methods and practises by NGOs, foreign agencies,
and community-based organisations to enhance living circumstances.
The research also aims to identify environmental sustainability
issues in informal settlements and provide eco-friendly solutions for healthier
living circumstances. Last, the study proposes governance, spatial planning,
and municipal finance reforms to improve collaborative and participatory
informal settlement upgrading. The research's expected findings will provide a
comprehensive understanding of Clayoven informal settlement's development and
implications, offering valuable recommendations for improving informal
settlement living conditions and opportunities in South Africa and elsewhere.
9.8 Ethical Considerations
The significance of ethical considerations in the realm of
research cannot be overstated, particularly when delving into the exploration
of a sensitive subject matter such as informal settlements and their
consequential effects on the inhabitants. The present investigation aligns with
the ethical tenets delineated by esteemed scholars Gupta and Gupta (2022) as
well as Muzari et al. (2022), encompassing pivotal aspects such as the
acquisition of informed consent, the preservation of confidentiality, and the
utmost regard for the rights and welfare of the participants involved. First
and foremost, the acquisition of informed consent stands as an essential
ethical imperative. The research team shall undertake the responsibility of
ensuring comprehensive comprehension of the research's objectives, procedures,
and potential risks by all participants, encompassing residents of Clayoven
informal settlement, non-governmental organisations (NGOs), and community-based
organisations. Participants shall possess the prerogative to discontinue their
involvement in the study at any given moment, thereby preserving their autonomy
and agency.
Furthermore, it is imperative to uphold the utmost level of
confidentiality. The present investigation shall endeavour to safeguard the
identities and personal data of the participants, with particular emphasis on
the residents, so as to preclude any potential deleterious consequences or
stigmatisation. The data that will be gathered shall undergo anonymization and
be securely stored, in accordance with ethical principles outlined by esteemed
scholars like Flick (2022). Moreover, the study will place utmost importance on
prioritising the welfare and preserving the dignity of the participants. The
observation will encompass an examination of the sensitivity towards cultural
norms, local practises, and power dynamics prevalent within the informal
settlement community. The participants shall be accorded due respect and
fairness, with their voices and perspectives being duly acknowledged and
valued, in accordance with the ethical principles expounded by esteemed
scholars such as Carter et al. (2023).
Hence, it is imperative to underscore the paramount importance of
ethical considerations within the context of this research endeavour, as
informed by the principles expounded upon by esteemed scholars whose works have
been referenced in the chosen research approach and design. The research
endeavour is dedicated to the acquisition of informed consent, the preservation
of confidentiality, and the upholding of the rights and well-being of all
participants, thereby exemplifying the utmost ethical principles in the
investigation of informal settlements.
10 Overview of Chapters
Chapter 1: Introduction
The introductory chapter will provide background context on
informal settlements as a global urban phenomenon, before framing the focus on
the case study of Clayoven, Johannesburg. It will establish the rationale,
objectives, research questions, scope and significance of the study.
Chapter 2: Understanding Informal Settlements
This chapter will engage with literature on defining,
conceptualizing and theorizing informal settlements, including their
socio-political origins and impacts on residents. Key concepts like structural
violence, precarity and marginality will be explored.
Chapter 3: Informal Settlement Conditions
Through a review of ethnographic studies and empirical research,
this chapter will examine informal settlement living conditions, risks and
adversities faced by residents relating to shelter, infrastructure, services
and tenure. It will profile everyday struggles common across informal contexts.
Chapter 4: Effectiveness of Community, NGOs and State
Interventions
This chapter will critically analyze government interventions,
policies, programming and governance approaches towards informal settlements in
South Africa and internationally. It will assess top-down and coercive
practices versus more progressive, participatory paradigms.
Chapter 5: Community-Driven Initiatives
A review of scholarship on grassroots informal settlement
mobilization, advocacy and upgrading initiatives will be presented, highlighting
possibilities for resident-led transformations toward spatial and socioeconomic
justice. The agency and assets of marginalized communities will be
foregrounded.
Chapter 6: Participatory Upgrading
This chapter will synthesize literature on participatory informal
settlement upgrading as an emerging best practice globally, drawing on case
examples. The significance of co-production, collaboration and democratic
participation will be emphasized as both normative and instrumental
imperatives.
11 Research Time-Frame
The following programme underlines the
critical paths for the fulfilment of the MSc dissertation for the 2023 academic
period. The programme spans for over ten (12) months, which began in January
2023 and is scheduled to be concluded in
December 2023.
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Duration in months |
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2023 |
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S/N |
Activity |
Jan |
Feb |
Mar |
Apr |
May |
Jun |
Jul |
Aug |
Sep |
Oct |
Nov |
Dec |
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1 |
Acceptance of proposal and registration |
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2 |
Meeting with supervisor |
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3 |
Literature review (core literature) |
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4 |
Meeting with supervisor |
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5 |
Development of research methodology |
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6 |
Meeting with supervisor |
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7 |
Development of research tool |
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8 |
Meeting with supervisor |
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9 |
Meeting with Statkon |
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10 |
Writing of article (secondary data findings) |
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11 |
Meeting with supervisor |
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12 |
Data collection (questionaire survey) |
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13 |
Data analysis (Statkon) |
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14 |
Meeting with supervisor |
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15 |
Writing of primary findings |
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16 |
Meeting with supervisor |
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17 |
Conclusion and recommendation |
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18 |
Writing of article (primary data findings) |
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19 |
Submission of research draft |
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20 |
Meeting with supervisor |
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21 |
Language editing |
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22 |
Final submission |
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12 Budget
The enclosed budget serves as a financial forecast for the
research activities, ensuring a seamless data collection process. A substantial
portion of the budget is allocated to the data collection phase, primarily
involving physical tools and administrative resources for interviews. Given the
study's scope within the South African construction industry, extensive travel
expenses are anticipated to conduct interviews with participants across the
country. It's important to note that the budget is an estimation, and certain
costs may only be determined once the research investigation is underway. The
budget breakdown includes language editing (R4000), a statistician for data
analysis (R6000), dissertation binding and printing (R7000), logistical support
for data collection (R9000), a student's visit to the supervisor (R7000), and
additional fieldwork equipment (R4000). The total budget required for this
master's dissertation is estimated at R37,000.
13 Conclusion
The present research proposal delineates a comprehensive
evaluative investigation into the phenomenon of informal settlement development
in the locale of Clayoven, situated in the urban landscape of Johannesburg.
This study aims to employ a mixed methods approach, thereby integrating both
qualitative and quantitative methodologies, in order to comprehensively explore
and analyse the multifaceted aspects of this complex phenomenon. The background
section serves to provide a justification for delving into the examination of
the living conditions, governance structures, and policy frameworks that
influence the informal settlements in South Africa. The literature review
serves as a comprehensive synthesis of scholarly discourse and theoretical
frameworks pertaining to the concept of participatory upgrading. The chapter on
methodology provides a comprehensive account of the research design, the tools
employed for data collection, and the analytical approaches employed in the
study. The outlined proposal delineates the manner in which the study shall
explicate the lived experiences of inhabitants residing in informal
settlements, with the intention of informing policy reforms that foster
collaboration, inclusion, and empowerment. Through the conveyance of localised
realities, the research endeavours to furnish contextualised and grounded
insights with the objective of fortifying South Africa's approach to informal
settlements via the implementation of progressive policy alterations. The present
study endeavours to provide a platform for the expression of marginalised
communities as active collaborators in the process of effecting change within
the realm of informality.
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